Geography And You April Part 1 - Vehicle Scraping Policy, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, Right To Repair For Electronics, Gregarious Bamboo Flowering, Simlipal Forest Fire In Odisha, Sea Buckthorn, Carbon Sink In India, Ken Betwa Link Project, Water Conservation In India, Hydroponics, Tillage Agriculture

 

Topics In This Lecture -

Vehicle Scraping Policy, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, Right To Repair For Electronics, Gregarious Bamboo Flowering, Simlipal Forest Fire In Odisha, Sea Buckthorn, Carbon Sink In India, Ken Betwa Link Project, Water Conservation In India, Hydroponics, Tillage Agriculture

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वाहन स्क्रेपिंग नीति

पुराने वाहनों से 10 से 12 गुना अधिक प्रदूषण होता है। इस नीति का उद्देश्य पुराने वाहनों की संख्या कम करना है।

इसके लिए वाहन स्क्रेपिंग से संबंधित असंगठित उद्योगों को मान्यता देने का प्रस्ताव है।

इसे 10000 करोड का निवेश और 35000 रोजगार के अवसर उत्पन्न होंगे।

धुआं छोड़ने का परीक्षण, ब्रेक लगाने आदि आधारों पर वाहन की क्षमता का निर्धारण होगा। 15 वर्ष के बाद वाहन के लिए फिटनेस प्रमाण पत्र आवश्यक होगा अन्यथा उसका पंजीकरण रद्द हो जाएगा।

Incentives -

रोड टैक्स में छूट (निजी वाहनों को 25% और वाणिज्यिक वाहनों को 15%)

स्क्रेपिंग सर्टिफिकेट दिखाने पर 5% तक की छूट देने हेतु वाहन निर्माताओं को प्रोत्साहित किया जाएगा

पंजीकरण शुल्क में छूट

सिंपलीपाल टाइगर रिजर्व (उड़ीसा)

नेशनल पार्क, यूनेस्को बायोस्फीयर रिजर्व

इसका नाम सिमुल शब्द अर्थात सिल्क कपास के नाम पर रखा गया। गर्मी का आगमन होने पर यहां के पर्णपाती वनों में शुष्कता बढ़ जाने से आग लग जाती है।

सिमलीपाल की सबसे ऊंची चोटी खैरीबुरी है।

 

यूरोपीय संघ के द्वारा राइट टू रिपेयर फॉर इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अधिकार

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

Gregarious Bamboo Flowering (60-130yr) - Death Of Bamboo Plant)

सीबकथोर्न (हिमाचल प्रदेश)

यह समशीतोष्ण क्षेत्रों में पाया जाने वाला अति सहनशील पौधा है जो -43 डिग्री सेल्सियस से 40 डिग्री सेल्सियस तक जीवित रह सकता है।

हिमाचल प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री ने हिमाचल के ठंडे रेगिस्तानी क्षेत्रों में इस पौधे को लगाने का प्रस्ताव किया है।

यह पौधा शुगर, कार्बनिक एसिड आदि से युक्त होने के कारण अत्यंत पोषक तत्वों से युक्त है। इसके साथ ही ईंधन के रूप में, चारे के रूप में, मृदा अपरदन रोकने में, चिकित्सीय क्षेत्र में यह पौधा अत्यंत उपयोगी है।

मंगोलिया चीन तिब्बत रूस कनाडा भारत-पाकिस्तान के समशीतोष्ण क्षेत्रों में यह पौधा पाया जाता है।

लद्दाख, स्पीति में यह पौधा होता है।

केन बेतवा नदी जोड़ो परियोजना आरंभ करने का प्रस्ताव

केन नदी से बेतवा में पानी पहुंचाया जाएगा

इसके अंतर्गत दाऊधन बांध का निर्माण होगा

नहर का निर्माण होगा

लोअर आयर परियोजना

कोठा बैराज

बीना संकुल बहुउद्देशीय परियोजना

10.62 लाख हेक्टेयर के कृषि क्षेत्र में सिंचाई हो सकेगी

62 लाख लोगों को पेयजल उपलब्ध होगा

103 मेगावाट जलविद्युत का उत्पादन होगा

मध्यप्रदेश के पन्ना, टीकमगढ़, छतरपुर, सागर, दमोह, दतिया, विदिशा, शिवपुरी, रायसेन

और उत्तर प्रदेश के बांदा, महोबा, झांसी और ललितपुर जिलों को लाभ होगा

नकारात्मक पक्ष

दाऊधन बांध के कारण 4206 हेक्टेयर भूमि डूब जाएगी

भारत में कार्बन सिंक

क्या भारत शून्य कार्बन उत्सर्जन वाला देश बन सकता है?

1) 175 गीगावॉट नवीनीकृत ऊर्जा का लक्ष्य

2) 2030 तक वृक्ष आवरण द्वारा 2.5 से 3 बिलियन कार्बन सिंक

3) प्रतिपूरक वनीकरण निधि (कैंपा)

4) राष्ट्रीय हरित भारत मिशन (जलवायु संबंधी राष्ट्रीय कार्य योजना का एक भाग)

5) 2030 तक भूमि अवक्रमित शून्यता का लक्ष्य और 26 मिलियन हेक्टेयर अवक्रमित भूमि की बहाली

6) भारत वन स्थिति रिपोर्ट 2019 - वनों में कुल कार्बन भंडार 42.6 मिलियन टन जो पहले से कहीं अधिक है

7) रसोई गैस हेतु उज्जवला योजना

Magnetotelluric Method, Issue Of Gibraltar, What is the reason for the steep fall in the amount of rain in a normal drought year?, Rossby waves and their effect on Indian Monsoon.

In This Article –

Reason for low rainfall in August during the non-El-Nino year?

Issue Of  Gibraltar,
What is the reason for the steep fall in the amount of rain in a normal drought year?
Rossby waves and their effect on Indian Monsoon.
Magnetotelluric Method

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मैग्नेटोटेल्यूरिक (MT)

मैग्नेटोटेल्यूरिक (MT) एक भू-भौतिकीय विधि है, जिसमें भूगर्भिक संरचनाओं एवं गतिविधियों के अध्ययन के लिये पृथ्वी के चुंबकीय एवं विद्युत क्षेत्रों की भिन्नता का उपयोग किया जाता है। इस विधि के द्वारा भूकंप उत्प्रेरण की संभावना को बढ़ाने वाले तत्त्वों, जैसे मैग्मा आदि की आवृत्ति को मापा जाता है।

इस विधि द्वारा 300 से 10,000 मीटर तक की गहराई में उच्च आवृत्तियों को रिकॉर्ड किया जा सकता है। इसके लिये प्रायः तीन प्रमुख भूकंपीय स्रोतों, महेंद्रगढ़-देहरादून फॉल्ट (MDF), सोहना फॉल्ट (SF) और मथुरा फॉल्ट (MF) से मापों को लिया जाता है।
मैग्नेटोटेल्यूरिक तकनीक को सर्वप्रथम 1940 के दशक में जापानी वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा प्रस्तुत किया गया था। इस पर 1950 के दशक में रूसी और फ्रांसीसी भू-भौतिकीविदों द्वारा स्वतंत्र रूप से कार्य शुरू किया गया।

भूकंपीय खतरे के सटीक अनुमान के साथ-साथ इस जानकारी का उपयोग भूकंप-रोधी इमारतों, औद्योगिक इकाइयों और महत्त्वपूर्ण संरचनाओं जैसे अस्पतालों और स्कूलों आदि को डिज़ाइन करने के लिये भी किया जा सकता है। वाणिज्यिक उपयोगों में हाइड्रोकार्बन (तेल और गैस) अन्वेषण, भू-तापीय अन्वेषण, कार्बन अनुक्रम, खनन अन्वेषण तथा हाइड्रोकार्बन और भूजल की निगरानी में भी इसका उपयोग किया जा सकता है।

Delhi – Zone 4

Reason for low rainfall in August during the non-El-Nino year?

A planetary wave from the North Atlantic is capable of derailing the Indian monsoon in August, a study by the Indian Institute of Sciences (IISc), Bengaluru, has suggested.

A team from the Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (CAOS) of the IISc carried out the research, supported in part by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) under their climate change program.

The research showed that in the past century, Indian monsoon droughts that occurred in non-El Nino years were sub-seasonal as against El Nino droughts where the deficit persists throughout the season.

1. a) Rainfall deficit in El Nino droughts sets in early around mid-June and becomes progressively worse. By mid-August, the deficit is very high and spreads across the country, with no sign of recovery, the study revealed.
2. b) During non-El Nino droughts there is a moderate decrease in June rainfall, followed by signs of recovery during mid-July to mid-August the peak of the season. However, in late August, there is an abrupt and steep fall in rainfall, resulting in drought conditions

“This disturbance, a Rossby wave, curves in towards India and, apparently squeezed in by the Tibetan Plateau, disrupts the flow of the monsoon winds,”

Oceanic and atmospheric Rossby waves — also known as planetary waves — naturally occur largely due to the Earth’s rotation. These waves affect the planet’s weather and climate.

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Issue Of  Gibraltar

जिब्राल्टर, औबेरियन प्रायद्वीप और यूरोप के दक्षिणी छोर पर भूमध्य सागर के प्रवेश द्वार पर स्थित एक स्वशासी ब्रिटिश विदेशी क्षेत्र है। 6.843 वर्ग किलोमीटर (2.642 वर्ग मील) में फैले इस देश की सीमा उत्तर में स्पेन से मिलती है। जिब्राल्टर ऐतिहासिक रूप से ब्रिटेन के सशस्त्र बलों के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण आधार रहा है और शाही नौसेना (Royal Navy) का एक आधार है। यह विश्व में सबसे छोटी सीमा वाला देश है।

जिब्राल्टर की संप्रभुता आंग्ल-स्पेनी विवाद का एक प्रमुख मुद्दा रहा है। जिब्राल्टर के चट्टानी प्रायद्वीप को चट्टान (दी रॉक) कहते हैं। चट्टान समुद्र की सतह से एकाएक ऊपर उठती दृष्टिगोचर होती है। यह चट्टानी स्थलखंड उत्तर-दक्षिण फैली हुई पतली श्रेणी द्वारा बीच में विभक्त होता है, जिसपर कई ऊँची चोटियाँ हैं। चट्टानें चूना पत्थर की बनी हैं, जिनमें कई स्थलों पर प्राकृतिक गुफाएँ निर्मित हो गई हैं। कुछ गुफाओं में प्राचीन जीव-जंतुओं के चिह्न भी पाए गए हैं।

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Geography and You Magazine Summary Feb and March, Major Port Authorities Bill, 2020, Mahabahu, Brahmaputra Programme, Mega Investment Textiles Parks (MITRA), Nitrogen Use Efficiency - Optional Geography Current

Topics In This Lecture –

Major Port Authorities Bill, 2020, Mahabahu, Brahmaputra Programme, Mega Investment Textiles Parks (MITRA), Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Nitrogen-Use Efficiency

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NUE is calculated as a ratio between nitrogen used and harvest: A higher number denotes low wastage.

With efficiency on the decline, farmers use more fertiliser in the hope of raising yield. This in turn worsens NUE.

Crops generally use up 30 percent of nitrogen fertilizer applied; the rest seeps into the environment, harming health and adding to climate change.

Nitrogen Pollution: the reason behind

Agriculture leads to 70 percent of nitrous oxide emissions in India.

Of this, 77 percent is contributed by fertilizers, mostly urea, according to the Indian Nitrogen Assessment published in 2017.

This greenhouse gas (GHG) is 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide.

Govt. announces launch of Mega Investment Textiles Parks (MITRA) scheme to make Indian textile industry globally competitive

The Government has proposed a scheme of Mega Investment Textiles Parks (MITRA) to enable the textile industry to become globally competitive, attract large investments, boost employment generation and exports. Presenting the Union Budget  2021-22 in the parliament today, Union Finance and Corporate Affairs Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman said that this will create world-class infrastructure with plug and play facilities to enable create global champions in exports. MITRA will be launched in addition to the Production Linked Incentive Scheme(PLI).

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Mahabahu-Brahmaputra Programme:

• Aim: It will provide seamless connectivity to the Eastern parts of India. It includes various development activities for the people living around River Brahmaputra and River Barak.

Key Initiatives launched under the Mahabahu-Brahmaputra programme:

• Ro-pax Vessel Services: These are water transport services. It launched between Neemati Ghat (Jorhat) and Majuli island, North Guwahati and South Guwahati as well as Dhubri and Hatsingimari. The benefits of this service include a reduction in travel time, vehicular emission and traffic on the road.
•  
• Inland Water Transport(IWT) Terminal: It will be built at Jogighopa in Assam. The terminal will help in reducing the traffic on the Siliguri Corridor towards Kolkata and Haldia. It will facilitate the uninterrupted movement of cargo to the various North-Eastern States like Meghalaya and Tripura and to Bhutan and Bangladesh as well.
•  
• Launch of E-Portals: E-Portals are launched to promote ease of doing business:
• Car-D (Cargo Data) portal: It will collate cargo and cruise data on a real-time basis.
• PANI (Portal for Asset and Navigation Information): It will act as a one-stop solution for providing information about river navigation and infrastructure.

Major Port Authorities Bill, 2020

प्रमुख पोर्ट प्राधिकरण बोर्ड:

प्राधिकरण के विषय में: इस विधेयक में प्रत्येक प्रमुख बंदरगाह के लिये एक प्रमुख बंदरगाह प्राधिकरण बोर्ड (Board of Major Port Authority) के निर्माण का प्रावधान है। ये बोर्ड मौजूदा पोर्ट ट्रस्ट की जगह लेंगे।

सभी प्रमुख बंदरगाहों का प्रबंधन वर्ष 1963 के अधिनियम के अंतर्गत संबंधित पोर्ट ट्रस्ट द्वारा किया जाता है, जिसमें केंद्र सरकार द्वारा नियुक्त सदस्य शामिल होते हैं।

रचना:

1. विधेयक के अंतर्गत रेल मंत्रालय, रक्षा और सीमा शुल्क मंत्रालय, राजस्व विभाग के साथ-साथ जिन राज्यों में प्रमुख बंदरगाह हैं, उन राज्यों के प्रतिनिधियों को भी इस बोर्ड में शामिल करने का प्रावधान किया गया है।
2. इसमें एक सरकारी नामांकित सदस्य और प्रमुख पोर्ट प्राधिकरण के कर्मचारियों का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाला एक सदस्य शामिल होगा।

शक्तियाँ:

1. यह विधेयक बोर्ड को प्रमुख बंदरगाहों के विकास के लिये अपनी संपत्ति और धन का उपयोग करने की अनुमति देता है। बंदरगाह प्राधिकरण बोर्ड को भूमि सहित बंदरगाह से जुड़ी अन्य सेवाओं और परिसंपत्तियों के लिये शुल्क तय करने का अधिकार होगा।
2. बाज़ार की परिस्थितियों के आधार पर सार्वजनिक–निजी साझेदार (Public Private Partner) तटकर तय करने के लिये स्वतंत्र होंगे।
3. पोर्ट प्राधिकरण द्वारा कॉरपोरेट सोशल रिस्पॉन्सिबिलिटी (CSR) और बुनियादी ढाँचे के विकास के प्रावधान किये गए हैं।

न्यायिक बोर्ड:

एक न्यायिक बोर्ड का गठन किया जाएगा जो तत्कालीन प्रमुख बंदरगाहों हेतु टैरिफ प्राधिकरण (Tariff Authority for Major Port) के शेष कार्यों, बंदरगाहों और पीपीपी के बीच उत्पन्न विवादों आदि को देखेगा।

लक्ष्य:

विकेंद्रीकरण: निर्णय लेने की प्रक्रिया को विकेंद्रीकृत करना और प्रमुख बंदरगाहों के प्रशासन में व्यावसायिकता को बढ़ावा देना।

व्यापार और वाणिज्य: बंदरगाह के बुनियादी ढाँचे के विस्तार को बढ़ावा देना और व्यापार तथा वाणिज्य को सुविधाजनक बनाना।

निर्णय लेना: यह सभी हितधारकों को लाभान्वित करने के उद्देश्य से परियोजना निष्पादन क्षमता को बेहतर करते हुए तेज़ तथा पारदर्शी निर्णय प्रदान करता है।

रीओरिएंटिंग मॉडल: वैश्विक अभ्यास के अनुरूप केंद्रीय बंदरगाहों में शासन मॉडल को भू-स्वामी बंदरगाह मॉडल हेतु पुन: पेश करना।

महत्त्व:

लेवल-प्लेयिंग फील्ड: यह विधेयक न केवल प्रमुख और निजी बंदरगाहों के बीच बल्कि प्रमुख बंदरगाह टर्मिनलों और पीपीपी टर्मिनलों के बीच एक लेवल-प्लेयिंग फील्ड (Level-Playing Field) बनाने जा रहा है।

प्रमुख बंदरगाहों के अंदर पीपीपी टर्मिनल प्लेयरों को भी TAMP से टैरिफ अनुमोदन लेना पड़ा है। यह विधेयक इस निकाय से अनुमोदन लेना समाप्त कर देता है।

इसके कारण आने वाले वर्षों में पीपीपी के अंतर्गत बड़े बंदरगाहों में निवेश किये जाने की उम्मीद है।

आत्मनिर्भर भारत अभियान के अनुरूप: यह कदम निश्चित रूप से देश के आत्मनिर्भर भारत (Aatmanirbhar Bharat) के दृष्टिकोण के अनुरूप है और यह भारत को वैश्विक विनिर्माण केंद्र बनाने का मार्ग प्रशस्त करेगा।

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Geography And You Magazine (Feb and March) Summary, Optional Geography Current Affairs UPSC, New CSR Policy, M-Sand, Flash Drought, New Geospatial Policy

Topics Covered – New CSR Policy, M-Sand, Flash Drought, New Geospatial Policy

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CSR

1. As per the new provisions, every entity that intends to undertake any CSR activity will have to register itself with the Central Government by filing the form CSR-1 electronically with the Registrar of Companies, with effect from April 1, 2021.

2. All companies with a net worth of Rs 500 crore or more, a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore or more, or net profit of Rs 5 crore or more, are required to spend 2 percent of their average profits of the previous three years on CSR activities every year. The amended CSR rules allow companies to set off CSR expenditure above the required 2 percent expenditure in any fiscal year against required expenditure for up to three financial years.

3. In the event of the company failing to spend the earmarked two percent of net profits towards CSR, it will “have to specify the reasons for not spending the amount” and, unless the unspent amount relates to any ongoing project, transfer it to a government notified fund.
4. Administrative Expenditure – 5%

5. Multi-Year Scheme

6. Default-No Jail – 1 Cr Rs Fine On Company + 2 Lakh Rs Fine on Defaulting Officer

7. Impact assessment

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M- sand

The Rajasthan government has brought a policy on manufactured sand (M-sand), giving industry status to the units producing it for construction work and reducing the dependence on bajri (riverbed sand).

Highlights of the new Policy:
The policy will enable the investors to set up M-sand units by utilising the incentives offered by the State government.

What is M-Sand?
M-sand is a substitute of river sand for concrete construction.
Manufactured sand is produced from hard granite stone by crushing.
The crushed sand is of cubical shape with grounded edges, washed and graded to as a construction material.
The size of manufactured sand (M-Sand) is less than 4.75mm.

Its significance:
It can be dust-free, the sizes of m-sand can be controlled easily so that it meets the required grading for the given construction.
It is well graded in the required proportion.
It does not contain organic and soluble compounds that affect the setting time and properties of cement thus the required strength of concrete can be maintained.
It does not have the presence of impurities such as clay, dust, and silt coatings.

Flash Drought

Flash drought is characterized by rapid onset and intensification caused by high evapotranspiration due to extreme heat, wind and high incoming solar radiation. It can develop in as little time as 10 to 15 days. 

Sindh – Ganga Plain

Study – Not only is summer but also during monsoon (When rain doesn’t occur for 15 to 20 days and temperature is very high – Soil humidity decreases rapidly)

In 1979, India faced a severe flash drought, affecting about 40% of the country and taking a toll on agriculture.

Read Yourself – Mahajan Aayog (Justice Mehar Chand Mahajan)
246 Villages to be transferred to Maharashtra and 247 to have remained with Karnataka

Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
800 New lakes have formed in Himachal Pradesh (Reason – Glacial Melting)
Size is increasing continuously

Geospatial sector in India:  New Policy

Geospatial data

Geospatial data is all of the data that represents the objects on the surface of the Earth, be it natural or man-made. Geospatial data can be static, like locations of roads, or dynamic, like a moving vehicle.

Why is India liberalising the geospatial sector?

India is rapidly moving towards infrastructural development that has become necessary to be at par with countries across the world. With initiatives like Smart Cities and Digital India, sophisticated systems like urban public transport, delivery and logistic, and global technological advancements to roll out products like e-commerce, automated drones, etc in place, geospatial data is of key importance to undertake mapping to ensure proper development. However, India is riddled with a lack of data. With the resolution and precision required to undertake this task, if the government sets out to do it on its own, it could take a long time to complete.

Quick mapping is the need of the hour so that follow-up works can be carried out sooner by the private sector.

The current geospatial policy

The geospatial policy that was in place till now had not been reviewed over several decades and therefore, placed strict restrictions on companies and innovators to take prior approvals and go through other stringent procedures and the result red tapism before they could undertake the collection, preparation, publishing, generation, dissemination and updating of the digital geospatial data and maps in India.

This meant that the geospatial sector in India had been majorly controlled by the Union Government and several central agencies like Survey of India. Since the policy had not been reviewed in decades, as per the laid down norms, the collection of geospatial data was only done from the point of view of security and therefore, it was to only remain under the control of the government and the defence forces. Any private company wanting to create such data had to take permission from the concerned department, along with getting the approvals of Union Defence and Home Ministries.

What does the new geospatial data policy say?

With this new policy, Indian entities would not have to get prior approvals, licences or security clearances, etc, to acquire and produce such data and related services, including maps. Moreover, with the new policy, the government has decided to make available all of the geospatial data collected using public funds to all Indian entities for economic, developmental as well as scientific purposes, barring the data that has been collected for classified purposes by security or law enforcement agencies.

एकाम्र क्षेत्र

भुवनेश्वर के पुराने शहर का क्षेत्र शामिल है जो इस मंदिर की वास्तुकला का केंद्र है और हिन्दुओं का पवित्र शहर माना जाता है। परमार्दि के अनंतवसुदेव के शिलालेख के अनुसार यह एक पवित्र क्षेत्र था।

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Down To Earth Magazine - March, Under-nutrition, Volcano In Reykjanes Peninsula, Expansion Of Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Laschamps, Temporary Reversal Of Magnetic Poles - Optional Geography Current Affairs 2021

Down To Earth Magazine – March, Optional Geography Current Affairs 2021

Topics Covered – Under-nutrition, Volcano In Reykjanes Peninsula, Expansion Of Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Laschamps, Temporary Reversal Of Magnetic Poles

Optional Geography Complete Course

Topic 1

Many sources of nutrition

This is with reference to “Rise in teenage pregnancies, poor maternal health hurdle to breaking intergenerational cycle of undernutrition” published online on February 3, 2021. The essence of milk is to serve as a source of nourishment until infants can digest solid food. In fact, milk has less calcium as against sesame seeds , spinach and other plant sources. So, the cruelty bestowed upon  dairy animals while procuring milk is unnecessary and will not go unnoticed by  the media and the public anymore.

THE FIRST two months of 2021 have been unusually hot for India, especially the northern parts of the country.

The warm weather is uncharacteristic given that 2021 began as a La Niña year. La Niña is the cooling phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation cycle in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. It brings colder winters to India. However, the current La Niña conditions that began in October last year have only had a moderate cooling effect,  probably because the  impact of global warming has become more pronounced.

Topic 2

•Massive earthquakes alarm seismologists • •

A SWARM of nearly 20,000 earthquakes across Iceland since February 24 has worried scientists, who fear the heightened seismic activities could lead to a  volcanic eruption in the Reykjanes Peninsula of the southwestern region of the country.

Topic 3

Slowly pulling apart the peninsula

After a series of major eruptions between the 10th and 13th centuries, the Reykjanes Peninsula been pretty calm. That changed at the end of 2019, when the peninsula started quaking more frequently and violently. A magnitude-5.7 quake in February of this year shook the region, and this week quakes were coming thick and fast.

Key to this tectonic bedlam is the fact that Iceland sits on the northern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a split in the seafloor that stretches down the length of the world. Here, lava erupts and cools to make a new oceanic crust on either side of the rift. The North American and Eurasian tectonic plates sit to the west and east of it, respectively, and they have pushed away from each other at roughly the same speed as your fingernails grow.

Most of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is underwater, but the Reykjanes Peninsula sits on the northern part of the ridge, so it’s gradually being pulled apart all the time. For reasons unknown, once every 800 years or so, the rifting suddenly escalates, causing a major uptick in tectonic earthquakes, as is happening now. Ancient lava flows studied by geologists and historical accounts from Iceland’s early settlement note that when you get a serious spike in quakes here, magma follows.

Credit –
Ronlau817, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

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Topic 4

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What is Value? Definition Of Value? Value in Ethics, General Studies Paper 4

Class 5

Answer Writing Classes

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Ethics In Governance - Accountability and Governance, Ethics in politics, Ethics in regulators, Ethics in executive, Ethics in the legislature, Ethics in permanent executive, Ethics in bureaucracy, Ethics in the political executive

Class 20

Ethics in politics, Ethics in regulators, Ethics in executive, Ethics in legislature, Ethics in permanent executive, Ethics in bureaucracy, Ethics in political executive

Ethics In Governance

Ethics Answer Writing Classes

Accountability and Ethical Governance

1. Accountability – Answerability

2. Account means to keep count

Examples –

Accountability of minister to Legislature

Accountability of company’s management to Board of Directors

Accountability of Board of Directors to Shareholders

Accountability of Government to Public

Accountability of Employees to head of the organization

Accountability of Students to Teachers

Essential Components –

Hierarchy

Department that fixes responsibility

Independent external body to oversee the functioning and seek explanation about the same

Robust Reward – punishment framework

Ensuring that actions and decisions are transparent so that it is easy to fix responsibility

Example – Banking System

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Governance –

Direct the governed to do certain things in a specific way,

Preventing the governed from doing certain things,

Services,

Creation of ecosystem that prompt the governed to exhibit a specific type of conduct

Relationship between Accountability and Ethical Governance

Strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance

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Ethics Answer Writing Class

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Ethics In International Relations and Corporate Governance

Class 21

Ethics Answer Writing Classes

Ethics in International Relations

International Relations refer to the interaction of countries with other countries in strategic, economic, political, social and other spheres.

Ethics – Guide for good and bad

Ethics in International Relations –

Good and bad in a nation’s interaction with other nations in strategic, social, economic, political and other spheres

Test For Ethics In International Relations –

All three principles should be followed.

Trade of Slaves from Africa.

The assassination of Bin Laden by the USA

1. War

Ethical War –

To protect one’s sovereignty

To protect one’s resources

Any other possible crisis

Unethical War –

For resources of other country

To interfere in internal affairs of another country

To undermine the sovereignty of another country

 War should be last option (India – Pakistan Context)

2. International Funding (China – Nepal, Africa)

3. International Investments (Tax law, interference in governance – Amazon, Facebook, Twitter etc.)

Corporate – Wherein the ownership and management are separate. (Money raised from public)

Corporate Governance –

Set of all methods and processes that steer a business corporation towards a specific direction in such a way that the interest of all stakeholders in general and shareholders in particular are not compromised by the management.

Ethics Answer Writing Classes

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Values in Civil Services, Ethical Dilemmas and Ethical Concerns

Class 19

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Public Service Values – Status and Problems

Value – A person thinks important for him.

Public Service – Offering services to public by Government.

Status of Public Service Values –

1.Traditional Values –  Still Relevant – Dedication, empathy, responsibility, public service

2.Traditional Values – Not relevant in present day public service – Centralization, Procedural Correctness, Hierarchy, Secrecy

3.New Values – Flexibility, Innovation, Risk Taking, Efficiency and Effectiveness, Team Spirit, Competition ● ●

Reasons for Changes in Values –

1.Regulator to facilitator – From Transparency and Unbiasedness to Helping Hands

2.Regulation to development – Simplicity and compassion (for weaker sections)

3.Information Technology (Transparency, innovation)

4.Specialized/technical administration (Team-work, specialization)

5.New public management (Hierarchy, discretion to leadership, vision)

Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Public Institutions –

a. Superior’s directive versus public good

b. Secrecy vs Transparency

c. Preferential Treatment Vs Non-discrimination

d. Honesty vs Efficiency

e. Rule Vs Flexibility ● ●

Ethical Dilemmas in Private Institutions –

a. Profit Vs Social Responsibility – Social Resources, Type of product (NPR Test)

b. Profit Vs Employee Welfare – Working hours, salary, working conditions – A healthy and happy employee is an asset

c. Automation Vs Employment

d. Promoter vs Shareholders

Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as Source of Ethical Guidance –

Laws –

It is codification of expected conduct.

It is enabled formally by governing authority.

Deviation from the provision of law shall attract penal action.

As the degree of democracy in governance increases, law marches towards ethics. (Transgender, Women Protection – Family, workplace)

Law and Ethics Relationship (Democracy, Dictatorship – Gandhi, Martin Luther King) (Mask During COVID)

Institutions

Rules –

Private + Public Bodies

Executive

Laws provide framework, rules are concrete directive within the purview of law.

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Answer Writing Classes – Ethics

Emotional Intelligence | What is Emotional Intelligence? | Use of Emotional Intelligence in Case Studies | Work-Life Balance

Class 17 and 18

Ethics Answer Writing Classes

What is Emotional Intelligence?
Use of Emotional Intelligence in Case Studies.

Positive Emotions Include – 1.Happiness 2.Confidence 3.Calmness 4.Poise 5.Enthusiasm 6.Exhilaration 7.Contentment ●

Negative Emotions Include – 1.Fear 2.Disquiet 3.Depression 4.Frustration 5.Anxiety 6.Anger

Emotion is a state of mind which is opposite of rationale or knowledge.

Intelligence refers to the innate ability of applying knowledge and skills.

Combining the meanings of Emotions and Intelligence –

Emotional Intelligence can be defined as the application of states of mind for a fruitful purpose. (The same situation may trigger different emotions)

-Identification of one’s own emotions (Krishna – Bheeshma)

-Identification of others’ emotions

-Knowing when to use own and others’ emotions -Modification of one’s own emotions -Controlling and hiding one’s own emotions

Importance of Emotional Intelligence

Influence of emotions on actions – Shawshank Redemption

Influence of emotions on one’s thought

Impact of emotions on focus or concentration

Stress Management

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Work–life balance is the equilibrium between personal life and career work. (If Only, Baar Baar Dekho) •Increased responsibilities at work •Working longer hours •Increased responsibilities at home •Having children

Solutions – Trust Others, Take a Break (hobbies) , Unplug, Spend time with family

Quality of a Leader –

Employers expect more from their people, which leads to them feeling more pressure to achieve greater results. Consequently, this leads to longer working hours, and less time spent at home. As a business leader, you have a responsibility to help all your team juggle the demands of their work and personal lives. Even your most engaged employees may still be struggling to find balance.

Maintaining a healthy work-life balance is not only important for health and relationships, but it can also improve your employee’s productivity, and ultimately performance. Put simply, if your people don’t view work as a chore, then they will work harder, make fewer mistakes and are more likely to become advocates for your brand.

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Code Of Ethics | RTI | Citizen Charter - Paper 4 General Studies UPSC CSE - Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

Class 23

Code Of Ethics

Answer Writing Classes – Ethics

The broad framework of principles and standards acceptable to the society

Principles enunciated in the Code Of Ethics guide the actions in Code Of Conduct

Nolan Committee –
Selfishness
Accountability
Leadership
Integrity
Openness
Objectivity
Honesty

Buddha, Ten Commandments, Quran, Seven Laws of Noah, Taoism, Lord Krishna

Herbert J. Taylor –
Is it the truth?
Is it fair to all concerned?
Will it build goodwill and better friendships?
Will it be Beneficial to all concerned?

सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम

सूचना के अधिकार यानी RTI का अर्थ है कि कोई भी भारतीय नागरिक राज्य या केंद्र सरकार के कार्यालयों और विभागों से किसी भी जानकारी (जिसे सार्वजनिक सूचना माना जाता है) को प्राप्त करने का अनुरोध कर सकता है।

इसी अवधारणा के मद्देनज़र भारतीय लोकतंत्र को मज़बूत करने और शासन में पारदर्शिता लाने के उद्देश्य से भारतीय संसद ने सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम, 2005 लागू किया था।

विशेषज्ञ इस अधिनियम को भ्रष्टाचार मुक्त भारत बनाने की दिशा में एक महत्त्वपूर्ण कदम के रूप में देखते हैं।

अधिनियम के प्रमुख प्रावधान

इस अधिनियम में स्पष्ट तौर पर कहा गया है कि कोई भी भारतीय नागरिक किसी भी सार्वजानिक अथवा सरकारी प्राधिकरण से किसी भी प्रकार की जानकारी प्राप्त करने के लिये स्वतंत्र है, साथ ही इस अधिनियम के तहत मांगी गई सूचना को आवेदन की तारीख से 30 दिनों की अवधि के भीतर प्रदान करने की व्यवस्था की गई है।

इस अधिनियम में यह भी कहा गया है कि सभी सार्वजनिक प्राधिकरण अपने दस्तावेज़ों का संरक्षण करते हुए उन्हें कंप्यूटर में सुरक्षित रखेंगे।

 इस अधिनियम के माध्यम से राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री, संसद व राज्य विधानमंडल के साथ ही सर्वोच्च न्यायालय, उच्च न्यायालय, नियंत्रक एवं महालेखा परीक्षक (CAG) और निर्वाचन आयोग (Election Commission) जैसे संवैधानिक निकायों व उनसे संबंधित पदों को भी सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम के दायरे में लाया गया है।

इस अधिनियम के अंतर्गत केंद्र स्तर पर एक मुख्य सूचना आयुक्त और अधिकतम 10 सूचना आयुक्तों की सदस्यता वाले एक केंद्रीय सूचना आयोग के गठन का प्रावधान किया गया है। इसी के आधार पर राज्य में भी एक राज्य सूचना आयोग का गठन किया जाएगा।

Section 8 in The Right to Information Act, 2005

8. Exemption from disclosure of information.

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, there shall be no obligation to give any citizen,

(a) information, disclosure of which would prejudicially affect the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security, strategic, scientific or economic interests of the State, relation with foreign State or lead to incitement of an offence; ●

(b) information which has been expressly forbidden to be published by any court of law or tribunal or the disclosure of which may constitute contempt of court;

(c) information, the disclosure of which would cause a breach of privilege of Parliament or the State Legislature;

(f) information received in confidence from foreign government;

(g) information,  the  disclosure  of  which  would  endanger  the  life  or  physical  safety  of  any person  or  identify  the  source  of  information  or  assistance  given  in  confidence  for  law enforcement or security purposes;

(h) information   which   would   impede   the   process   of   investigation   or   apprehension or prosecution of offenders

(j) information which relates to personal information the disclosure of which has not relationship to any public activity or interest, or which would cause unwarranted invasion of the privacy of the individual unless the Central Public Information Officer or the State Public Information Officer or the appellate authority, as the case may be, is satisfied that the larger public interest justifies the disclosure of such information

सूचना के अधिकार अधिनियम की चुनौतियाँ

1. यह अधिनियम आम लोगों को प्रासंगिक जानकारी प्राप्त करने का अधिकार देता है, किंतु निरक्षरता और जागरूकता की कमी के कारण भारत में अधिकांश लोग इस अधिकार का प्रयोग नहीं कर पाते हैं।

2. कई लोग मानते हैं कि इस अधिनियम में प्रावधानों का उल्लंघन करने की स्थिति में जो जुर्माना/दंड दिया गया है वह इतना कठोर नहीं है कि लोगों को इस कार्य से रोक सके।

3. इसके अलावा ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में पर्याप्त जन जागरूकता का अभाव, सूचनाओं को संग्रहीत करने और प्रचार-प्रसार करने हेतु उचित प्रणाली का अभाव, सार्वजनिक सूचना अधिकारियों (PIOs) की अक्षमता और नौकरशाही मानसिकता आदि को सूचना का अधिकार अधिनियम (RTI) के कार्यान्वयन में बड़ी बाधा माना जाता है।

सरकार द्वारा अपने देश के नागरिकों को विभिन्न प्रकार की सेवाएँ (Services) उपलब्ध कराई जाती हैं जिन्हें जन सेवाएँ (Public Services) कहते हैं। •इन जन सेवाओं को जनता को उपलब्ध कराना ही जन (नागरिक) सेवा प्रदायगी (Public Services Delivery) कहा जाता है। •वस्तुत: सरकारी सार्वजनिक सेवाओं को स्थानीय सरकार, राज्य सरकार या केंद्र सरकार द्वारा जनता तक पहुँचाया जाता है। उदाहरण के लिये सीवेज एवं कचरा निपटान, सड़क की सफाई, सार्वजनिक शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ, दूरसंचार सेवाएँ आदि। •

क्या है नागरिक घोषणापत्र ( Citizen Charter)? •नागरिक घोषणापत्र एक ऐसा लिखित दस्तावेज है जिसमें संगठन की अपनी सेवाओं के मानक, संगठन संबंधी सूचनाओं, पसंद और परामर्श, सेवाओं तक भेदभावरहित पहुँच, शिकायत निवारण एवं शिष्टाचार आदि के संबंध में अपने नागरिकों के प्रति प्रतिबद्धताओं का व्यवस्थित विवरण होता है । •नागरिक घोषणापत्र में सार्वजनिक सेवाओं का नागरिक केंद्रित होना सुनिश्चित किया जाता है। •नागरिक घोषणपत्र सुशासन के तीन महत्त्वपूर्ण घटकों यथा- पारदर्शिता, उत्तरदायित्व एवं जवाबदेहिता को लागू करने तथा सरकार एवं नागरिकों के मध्य अंतराल को कम करने के लिये एक महत्त्वपूर्ण साधन है।

भारत में नागरिक घोषणापत्र •गौरतलब है कि ब्रिटेन में लोक सेवाओं में दक्षता लाने के लिये 1991 में नागरिक घोषणापत्र लागू किया गया। • •भारत में 1997 में भारतीय प्रधानमंत्री की अध्यक्षता में सभी राज्यों के मुख्यमंत्रियों का सम्मेलन आयोजित किया गया। इस सम्मेलन में प्रभावी एवं जिम्मेदार प्रशासन हेतु एजेंडा पर सिफारिश की गई कि सभी लोक संगठनों के लिये नागरिक घोषणापत्र लाने के प्रयास किये जाएँ। इसके तहत चिन्हित मंत्रालयों एवं विभागों में नागरिक घोषणापत्र के निर्माण की निगरानी हेतु एक समिति का गठन किया गया। • • •2004 में प्रशासनिक सुधार एवं शिकायत निवारण विभाग ने नागरिक घोषणापत्र पर एक प्रपत्र प्रस्तुत किया जिसमें आदर्श नागरिक घोषणापत्र के मार्गदर्शक सिद्धांत बताए गए।

• •इसके अनुसार घोषणापत्र में निम्नलिखित बिंदु सम्मिलित होने चाहिये:

•विज़न एवं मिशन का विवरण।

•संगठन द्वारा संपादित कार्यों का विवरण।

•संगठन से जुड़े ग्राहक समूहों का विवरण।

•ग्राहकों को प्रदत्त सेवाओं का विवरण।

•जन शिकायत निवारण से संबंधित जानकारी।

•चार्टर का सरल होना आवश्यक।

नागरिक घोषणापत्र का मूल्यांकन

वर्ष 2002-03 में प्रशासनिक सुधार एवं लोक शिकायत निवारण विभाग ने एक निजी एजेंसी द्वारा तथा वर्ष 2008 में इंडियन इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ पब्लिक एडमिनिस्ट्रेशन द्वारा विभागीय नागरिक घोषणापत्रों का मूल्यांकन  और निम्नलिखित कमियों का उल्लेख किया गया-

•अधिकांश नागरिक घोषणापत्रों का प्रारूप ठीक नहीं होता तथा उसमें महत्त्वपूर्ण सूचनाओं का अभाव होता है।

•अधिकांश घोषणापत्रों के निर्माण में पारदर्शिता एवं परामर्शी प्रक्रिया का अभाव होता है।

•नागरिक घोषणापत्रों में नवोन्मेष एवं अद्यतन जानकारियों का अभाव होता  है।

•समय-समय पर पुनर्मूल्यांकन नहीं किया जाता।

•जागरूकता एवं जागरूकता प्रसार के प्रयास का अभाव पाया गया।

•लोक संगठनों में नागरिक घोषणापत्र के प्रति रुचि का अभाव देखा गया।

• •Ideal Citizen Charter –

•Concrete (24 Hour Electricity Supply)

•Measurable (Calories of Food)

•Realistic

•Resources Linked

•Consultative (Anganwadi Workers, Asha Workers)

•Compensation

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Governance According to Socrates, Governance According to Plato, Governance According to Aristotle, Governance According to Kautilya (Saptanga), Code Of Conduct

Class 22

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In This Blog We Will Cover –
Governance According to Socrates
Governance According to Plato
Governance According to Aristotle
Governance According to Kautilya (Saptanga)
Code Of Conduct

Code Of Conduct for Ministers
Code Of Conduct for Civil Servants – AIS (Conduct) Rules, 1969
Code Of Conduct for Judges

Philosophical basis of Governance and Probity

Socrates –

Laws should promote justice

Unconditional abiding to law by all the citizens

There could be criticism to law only when the law is deviant to the idea of justice

Tyranny                                 Individual                                  No

Plutocracy                             Who own property                 No

Democracy                            Everyone                                  Yes

Rule by wise (Plato – Philosopher King)

Plato – Philosopher King

1.Aristocracy –

Philosopher King is wisdom lover. (Wisdom with love for subjects)

Three classes –

Gold Class – King and other –  no property so no conflict of interest – Decides rules, policy

Silver Class – Soldiers and warriors

Bronze Class – Everyone else

Educate all

2. Timocracy –

Rule by bronze class

Owns property so conflict of interest

3. Oligarchy –

Rule by the rich

Possibilities of revolution

4. Democracy –

Power is dispersed among all individuals so they may break the law

5. Tyranny –

The worst form of government  – an adjusted man with worldly desires

•  

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Sapthanga theory by Kautilya

1. Swami (Ruler) –

Gain loyalty of his subjects

Aim – Welfare of his subjects

Well learned, brave and virtuous

Trained in economics, politics, philosophies and Vedas

2. Amatya (Minister)

Council of Ministers (Executive wing of a state)

3. Janapada

Territory and population

Population should be loyal, hard working,  disciplined, ready to pay taxes

4. Durga –  Fort

5. Kosha – Treasury

Treasury is the wheel on which the chariot of state runs

6. Danda – Military

Well motivated army is the greatest asses to a King. Soldiers should be paid well and families taken cate of

7. Mitra – Neighboring King – Treat well and help in time of emergencies

CODE OF CONDUCT FOR MINISTERS (Both Union and State)

1. Disclose to the Prime Minister, or the Chief Minister, as the case may be details of the assets and liabilities, and of business interests, of himself and of members of his family.

2. After taking office, and so long as he remains in office, the Minister shall: –

(a) furnish annually by the 31st August to the Prime Minister, or the Chief Minister, as the case may be, a declaration regarding his assets and liabilities for the previous financial year;

(b) refrain from buying from or selling to, the Government any immovable property except where such property is compulsorily acquired by the Government in usual course;

(c) refrain from starting, or joining, any business;

(d) ensure that the members of his family do not start, or participate in, business concerns, engaged in supplying goods or services to that Government (excepting in the usual course of trade or business and at standard or market rates) or dependent primarily on grant of licenses, permits, quotas, leases, etc., from that Government; and

(e)report the matter to the Prime Minister, or the Chief Minister as the case may be, if any member of his family sets up, or joins in the conduct and management of, any other business.

(f)uphold the political impartiality of the civil services and not ask the civil servants to act in any way which would conflict with the duties and responsibilities of the civil servants

3.1 No Minister should – (a)personally, or through a member of his family, accept contribution for any purpose, whether political, charitable or otherwise.

3.2  A Minister, including the Union Ministers, the Chief Ministers and other Ministers of State Governments/Union Territories, should not permit their spouse and dependents to accept employment under a Foreign Government, in India or abroad, or in a foreign organisation (including commercial concerns) without prior approval of the Prime Minister.

4. Awards

5. A Minister should –

a)while on official tour, as far as practicable stay in accommodation belonging to himself or maintained by Government, Government undertakings, public bodies or institutions (such as circuit houses, dak bungalows etc.) or in recognised hotels; andb) avoid attending, as far as possible, ostentatious or lavish parties given in his honour

6. The authority for ensuring the observance of the Code of Conduct will be the Prime Minister in the case of Union Ministers, the Prime Minister and the Union Home Minister in the case of Chief Ministers, and the Chief Minister concerned in the case of State Ministers except where it is otherwise specified.

Code of Conduct for All India Service Officers is codified in AIS (Conduct) Rules, 1969.

Ais Officer shall –

1. Highest standards of integrity and devotion to duty

2. Participates in a public media after clarifying that views expressed are personal and doesn’t belong to Government

3. Accepts gifts only from friends and relatives who don’t have any official dealing

AIS Officer shall not – 1.Use his official position to obtain employment for his family 2.Take part in politics or associate with any political party 3.Criticize the actions of Government 4.Give evidence before any committee or person without previous sanction of Government 5.Ask for or pay without previous sanction of Government 6.Accept lavish hospitality from persons having official dealing with government 7.Give or take dowry 8.Speculate in Stock Market

Code of Conduct for Judiciary adopted by SCI

A judge shall –

1. Public interest over private interest

2. No favors from parties that deal with the government

3. No politics

4. Using official provisions only for Office Dealings

5. Disclosure of assets and liabilities periodically

A judge shall not –

1.Contest election to any office, society or club

2.Maintain close association with members of bar

3.Use the official residence for professional work of family members

4.Hear or decide a case in which his/her family or close aides are involved

5.Give any interview to the media

6.Accept lavish hospitality or gifts (Except family members)

7.Raise funds for any purpose 8.Speculate in Stock Market

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Social Influence (Normative and Informational Influence), Change in Public Attitude, Persuasion, Ethics, G.S Paper 4 UPSC, PCS

Class 11, 12 and 13

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Social Influencing – One person influencing the other to change the latter’s attitude.

So, it changes – Emotions, Opinions, and Behavior

Example – Advertisement by Actors and Actress

Features of Social Influence –

Conscious – Government trying to change behaviour of People about COVID-19

Unconscious – Dhoni’s hairstyle

Varies – Situation to situation and person to person

Public Attitude Vs Private Attitude

Short term Vs Long Term (Fashion and M.S. Swaminathan)

Influence also varies from person to person

Type Of Social Influence –
a) Compliance – Helmet

1. b) Identification – Celebrity
2. c) Internalization – Making something a part of one’s personality (Swami Vivekanand’s tour)

Enablers –

Peer Pressure (E-Voting)

Charisma – Martin Luther King, Hitler

Master –  servant relationship

Context – Beneficial, Rational, Practicable (Public Toilet – Disease, Cultured, Infrastructure)

Presentation (Advertisement)

Types –

1. Normative Influence
2. Informational Influence a) Ambiguous Situation b) Crisis Situations

Principles of Social Influence –

1. Reciprocity (People give back whatever has been given to them)
2. Consistency
3. Social Proof
4. Liking
5. Authority
6. Scarcity

How to change public attitude?{“type”:”block”,”srcClientIds”:[“df31ae7f-7db1-40b3-9d6e-96a9d5f1db35″],”srcRootClientId”:”2d5bafb4-b732-4372-8394-64e34810d262″}

Persuasion –

A persuasion is a form of Social Science. Unlike other social influences, persuasion is a deliberate attempt to condition the attitude (emotions, thoughts, and behavior) of the other person.

Techniques of Persuasion –

1.Logical Arguments (Logical, practical, beneficial)

2.Incentivization of new attitude (Discounts on Online Transaction)

3.Disincentivization  of existing attitude (Population policies)

4.Scare-factor (Cigarette)

5.Repeated Reminders (Prayers)

6.TINA Factor (There is no alternative)

7.Appealing to the psyche (Opting in versus Opting Out, overvaluation of loss, appealing to emotions)

8.Empathy

Persuasion in the Life of a Civil Servant –

a.Public Representatives

b.Employees

c.General Public

d.Superiors

e.Finance Department

f.Private/Corporate Sector

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Aptitude - Definition Of Aptitude, Integrity, Impartiality Ethics Paper 4 UPSC And PCS

Class 14, Class 15 and Class 16

Aptitude implies potential. It is a storehouse of energy in oneself. When we say that a person has the better aptitude, it actually means that s/he has the innate potential to do something.

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Foundation Values for Civil Service

Integrity

Unwavering adherence to moral principles in general and honesty in particular. A person with integrity adheres to moral principles not because of external regulations but because of internal compulsions.

Management of Public Resources

Selection of Beneficiaries

Departmental Enquiries (Case Study)

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Impartiality

Differential Treatment vs Favorable Treatment

Equal opportunities to all and equal beings treated equally 1.Fulfilling all interests equitably – Incentive is good but there should be no partiality 2.Constitution – Article 15 3.Professional Ethics 4.Majoritarianism Prevention 5.Promotion of interests of weaker section ●

Emotional Intelligence, Biases, Interest Analysis, Verifying decisions with peers, Objective decision support system, Seeking public opinion ●

4. Dedication to Public Service  – First Priority

5. Empathy – Story of Kalam

How to develop empathy? a)Talk to people – awareness about ground reality b)Literature – Movies (Taare Zameen Par), books c)Visualization d)Reading biographies and autobiographies (B.R. Ambedkar) e)Tolerance

6. Compassion towards weaker section –

Mr. Prashant Nair (IAS – Kerala) –Operation Sulaiman

Mr. G. Shrikanth (IAS – Maharashtra) – Wall for clothes 

Shri Sandeep Nanduri (D.M) – Clothes + Shoes, Books

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Definition of Violence, Terrorism, Public Relations, Five Components Of Emotional Intelligence, Human Values (Ethics G.S Paper 4)

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Class 6 and Class 7

Terrorism –

Oxford Dictionary – Violent action in order to achieve political aims

Force a government to act

Violates Human Rights.

Public Relations –

Suppressing unfavourable news

Mispresenting Facts to serve a cause but actually serving some other interest

Promising results that can’t be obtained

Use of undesirable method towards pressurizing editors for carrying publicity material

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Ethics - Attitude G.S. Paper - 4

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Class 8, Class 9 and Class 10

Attitude – Attitude is the aggregate of a person’s evaluations of a target object. This target can be a person, animal, situation, substance, issue or any abstract concept. To elaborate, whenever a person sees or thinks of a target thing, the sum of thoughts and emotions that get created in a person constitute attitude.

Thus attitude is subjective individual interpretation of objective outside world.

Example – Half Full Glass, Human Resource

It is attitude, but not aptitude, which determines one’s altitude. – Zig Ziglar

Examples – Lal Bahadur Shastri, M.S. Dhoni, Hanuman

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Attitude Of Civil Servant

Attitude –

a)Affective Component – Emotional (Subconscious) – Caste, attitude towards women rights, Marginalized ● b)Cognitive Component – Knowledge, information and thought

c)Behavioral Component – Affective/Cognitive or Both – Germany ●

Moral Attitude

Morality refers to righteousness. An action that is regarded to be right by society is a  moral action. Thus, moral attitudes are attitudes concerned with righteous manner.

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What is Ethics (Definition Of Ethics and Bio-Ethics (Class 2)

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Chapter 2 – Ethics and Human Interface

Ethics –

Ethics may be defined as the systematic study of human actions from the point of view of their rightfulness or wrongfulness, as means for the attainment of the ultimate happiness.

Set of standards – Placed by Society on itself – Guide of behaviour, choices, and actions

Greek Word – Ethos – Character, habit, customs, ways of behaviour, etc.

Note – Morality can be individual.

– Ethics is neither religion nor law.

– Guilty of thinking (Emanuel Kant)

Why Ethics – Ethical and Moral Principles help to attain what is best for one.

Nutrition and morality

 

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Bio – Ethics

Beginning of Life Issues

Abortion

Right of the Unborn Child

Stem Cell Research
Human Cloning and Designer Babies

End of Life Issues

Euthanasia (India)

Suicide (Mental Healthcare Act, 2017)

Randomized Clinical Trials

Beneficiaries of Research

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